Risk Assessment and Risk Management Plan free essay sample

1. A risk management plan was considered â€Å"unnecessary† because contracts at the time did not require that a risk management plan be developed while according to the sponsor, the risk management plan was not necessary because out of the new weapon systems requirements were established by military personnel who had no sense of reality about what it takes to develop a weapon system based on technology which does not even exist yet. It is evident that many project decisions heavily favored cost and schedule during this time in history. This could have been because we knew more about cost and schedule that we did about the technical risks. But on another hand, it was essential that programs defined and implement appropriate risk management and contingency plans to enhance program management effectiveness and provide program management a key tool to reduce life-cycle cost.2. Risk management is employed throughout the programs life cycle and should be developed at the baseline of the project and should be continuously addressed throughout the lifespan of the program. We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Assessment and Risk Management Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Risk management is apart of the overall program program planning and management process. In order to be effective to its fullest potential, the risk management process must be recognized as a program management activity and not something limited to the engineering function. Any program element associated with cost, schedule, and performance has a direct interface with the risk management process. This process doesn’t not change fundamentally as the program progresses, although some changes or adjustments might occur as the program progresses.3. It is imperative that the project manager develop and implement an appropriate risk management and contingency plans. The customer has the right to expect the contractor to perform risk analysis and develop a risk management plan as a part of the project planning. An effective life cycle risk management process requires a commitment on the part of the program managers a key tool to reduce life-cycle cost.5. It is impossible to have a risk management plan its seclusion , considering that risk management planning is the process of deciding hot to approach and plan risk management activities of the project. In addition, the process will include identify the project charter, current policies, current roles and responsibilities, the project management plan, and the risk management plan. The Risk management plan needs to be strategically established early in the project and will need to be continuously developed . Other risk include but not limited to: technical, production and support risk.6. Risk management requires the early and continual involvement of all the program team as well as outside help as appropriate. When we are trying to identify the risk we may get our results based on a survey of the project and this will involve customer fully. We have to involve the customer since in any case there is a risk then it is the risk management program that will support setting realistic cost

labor demand essays

labor demand essays In light of the limits that have been placed on this answer I will only focus my comments on the demand for labor and on the other hand the supply of labor. First the demand for labor. This is to me by far the most interesting aspect of the course. Labor demand is derived from the firms desire to maximize profits. This is a basic assumption of labor demand. Will the firms continually try to make changes that will improve the profitability of the firm? We assume that yes they will. Firms are basically price takers. Now their main decision is what quantity of their product to produce. This is because as they hire more people they basically increase output so the decision hire more people and the decision to produce more are basically the same decision. The optimal output will equate marginal revenue with marginal cost. Marginal revenue is the product price in a purely competitive market. Marginal cost is therefore the cost to produce that unit. MPl is the change in output of the firm. What happens when a firm decides to produce more? They must hire more labor assuming that capital remains constant. If a firm could continuously hire more peole and increase their MRP then we would live in a utopian society with no unemployment and peace and happiness everywhere. But alas we live in a world with diminishing returns and as the firm highers more people it reaches a pont where each new person costs a little more when compared with their output then the person hired before them. A good example of this is digging a hole 4 feet by 8feet by 6feet . One person would do it in about half the time that two people could do it. But three people would not do it in one third of the time. This loss in efficiency is what I am talking about. In fact soon you couldnt fit all of he people into the hole and it would be so cramped that it would atually take longer to finish the hole. If this happened then they would have a negative ...

ANNOTATION [Marking the Text] GUIDELINES Essays - Reference, Writing

ANNOTATION [Marking the Text] GUIDELINES Annotation consists of brief notes, symbols or markings that highlight key points of a piece of writing. It is a study tool to review large qualities of information with minimal effort. The goal is to be able to glance at a page of text and pick out the main points without having to re-read the whole page. Annotation should be consistent so that it always makes sense and allows you to work quickly. Any annotations you make on a page of text should be neat and easy to read. Here are some common ways of annotating. Text Summary & Notes This strategy requires short summaries or notes in the margin for every paragraph of text. This requires a lot of thinking and writing; however, the notes you create make it easier to find the main idea and summarize the text. Highlighting This strategy works well for students who are very visual and respond to colors. It works best when it incorporates a multiple color coded system. For instance, you might use one color for main ideas and another for supporting details. The disadvantage of this system is that you can't erase the highlighting. This is risky if you're just starting out. Symbols & Markings This strategy is preferred by most note takers. It is quick to make notes and quick to review. It is very easy to glance at page, find important information and evaluate what needs a closer look. Like highlighting, a system should be adopted and stuck with so that it always makes sense. Below are some suggestions for symbols and markings: Circle unfamiliar vocabulary *Stars for important or key ideas, main points _______ Underlining/Highlighting for important quotes or points to use later >Arrows connecting ideas and topics-maybe a sentence in one paragraph that reinforces a sentence in a different paragraph or clearly supports the main idea. = Equal signs indicate definitions Boxes for key terms Ex., R., Stat. Abbreviations show types of support: examples, reasons, statistics 1, 2, 3 Numbers itemize examples, reasons, steps (Ex. #1 or Reason #1) ! ! Exclamation points show surprise Question marks indicate an unclear idea or section-something you want to ask about Really? Margin notes record comments or questions

I need a Masters level Historical Theology paper on the life and Research

I need a Masters level Historical Theology on the life and impact (Historical and Theological) of the ministry of John Wes - Research Paper Example A spiritual transition was needed. Interestingly, he was often not considered a theologian as Rakestraw states he â€Å"in the eyes of most non-Wesleyan Christians Wesley is not taken seriously as a theologian of grace; in fact, he is not taken seriously as a theologian at all.†1 This has little to do with his outlook and more to do with his method of promoting his theology. Unlike known theologians such as John Calvin, Wesley did not write out a doctrine of his theology all in one place. His theology was amassed over time as he grew in his faith. Wesley initially began the Methodist movement, with his brother George, in opposition to Calvinism which was also prominent in this same era. The influences of John Wesley are evident today. Though his initial religious society consisted of only 40 to 50 participants, many Protestant denominations still follow the Wesleyan traditions. This association is often considered the first Methodist society in London. Wesley incorporated Armi nian doctrines which were already a component of the Methodist in the 18th century Church of England. ... His mother reared her children with a strict Christian morality that greatly influenced John. John Wesley lived in the 18t century from 1703 to 1791 and was educated at Oxford University. Wesley was one the 15th child of his family which eventually had 19 children in total. One of the influential moments of his childhood was being rescued from a rectory fire when he was only 5 years old. His father believed this fire was â€Å"an attack from some his more disgruntled parishioners, and it was not the first.†3 This instilled a certainty in him that he was meant to do something important in his life. His mother, Susanna also had this belief and she wrote in her own diary, â€Å"’I do intend to be more particularly careful of the soul of this child, that Thou hast so mercifully provided for, that I have ever been.†4 As all of the Wesley children were well educated, they also were exposed to religion. â€Å"Both of Wesley's parents were ambitiously involved in the mo vement against the Puritan resistance and in support of the rightful prominence of the Anglican Church, a religious and political position that was in stark opposition to their family histories†5 They grew up knowing the Bible well and memorizing prayers providing a strong foundation for John Wesley’s Christian education. His training at Oxford followed a typical curriculum â€Å"in logic, rhetoric, morals and politics – the Aristotelean disciplines – and focusing on a selection of ancient writers†¦.†6 He continued his studies there and also obtained a Masters degree as well. At Oxford, he was largely influences by The Holy Club and eventually became the leader of the group. At age 32, he sailed to the American colonies with his brother, Charles where he was

International bussiness performance appraisal Essay

International bussiness performance appraisal - Essay Example The elements of benchmarking notably considered are time, quality and cost (Schiffauerova and Thomson, 2006, pg. 650). Benchmarking involves a methodology whereby the management of a firm identifies the leading companies in the industry then compares and contrasts their processes with those of their own. Benchmarking employs several methods, but all of them are geared to enabling the company achieve a competitive advantage over its rivals. In evaluating how benchmarking can be used in measuring the performance of the organisation, there are three key aspects and issues that relate to benchmarking. This includes why organisations should engage in benchmarking, the scope and limitations of benchmarking and the possible solutions. In tackling these key aspects, a business will know whether to use benchmarking and how to use it best (Goetsch and Davis, 2014, pg. 9). Benchmarking as an appraisal mechanism offers various advantages to the firm executing the approach. One of the key benefits that accrue to a firm when benchmarking is the performance improvement. Benchmarking sets the basis of performance development intended for facilitating competitiveness. In the quest for finding ways to outperform competitors, benchmarking ensures the fundamental survival of any business. Moreover, Camp (2003, pg. 29) suggests that benchmarking identifies best practices in the industry then establishes what comprises better-quality performance. The process of also benchmarking enumerates the gap between the actual performance and the anticipated performance thereby instituting real objective facts about the business. Consequently, this provides the business entity with what improvement entails and the rationale to improve (Dragolea and Cotirlea, 2009, pg. 820). Benchmarking also helps organisations to focus on transformation and presents the direction for the transformation process. Organisational

Structure of an Organization Essay Example for Free

Structure of an Organization Essay Organization structure refers to the method which the organization utilizes to distribute its workers and jobs across the organization so that the tasks of the organization can be performed and the goals of the organization be achieved. Therefore, there exists a number of such structures e.g. divisional, multidivisional, matrix or functional structure. This paper evaluates the usefulness of functional and multidivisional structures. Gareth Jones (2007) defined the organizational structure as the total number of ways whereby the workforce of the organization is distributed into different tasks and their coordination then is realized among such tasks. Adner Levinthal (2001) observed that the way in which organization structure evolves is as a result of the shift in competition from innovation in product to innovation in process. This change, as the market for the products or service of the firm grows, causes the structure of the firm to grow as well and may therefore turn from functional to multidivisional. Utterback Abernathy (1975) observed that after an organization is formed it compete with other organizations in the market on the basis of its differentiation strategy. They start off on the basis of product differentiation and as they grow further, they change their focus from product alone to cost differentiation strategy as well as economies of scale. This leads them to invest more in the manufacturing process and other processes to make their product stand out as a specialized one. Tushman Anderson (1986) observed that this process may not be uniform every time. Some technological or technical discontinuity might cause this process to halt and thus start it all over again. They further observed that some companies may also focus on process innovation to stand out against competitors e.g. Toyota. However, other companies might like to continue on the basis of differentiation strategy e.g. BMW. Therefore, the lifecycle model represents a significant framework for organizations to devise their strategies and the processes they need to focus on in various competitive environments (Oster, 1994; Porter, 1980) Utterback Abernathy (1975) also defined the ways whereby the evolution process of the organization shapes up  the strategies of the firms. Gort Klepper (1982) gave effect to lifecycle model of industries by employing microeconomics supply side rationales as well as evolutionary economics. They nevertheless derived the same results. They too observed that organizations evolved first on the basis of product differentiation and on the basis of functional model and gradually shifted towards the increase in the number of firms under their auspices. When they reach at the peak they have a number of firms under their umbrella which require for a more in-depth management causing them to shift towards divisional management. This stage is called the maturity stage of the organization. This is the stage when the firm is stable from low level to the top (Utterback Suarez, 1993). Lifecycle theories all agree that organizations start on the basis of competitive strategies and as they evolve their structure experiences change. The early stage of any organization witnesses product innovation. The organizations usually focus on bringing innovation in a product that they launch in the market to distinguish it from the rest. The product is designed as per the latest needs of the consumer but existing needs are also satisfied by the product. Utterback Abernathy, 1975 They then gave the examples of the product innovation in market by organizations i.e. the new products which were launched in market to compete with existing products on the basis of innovation and meeting the latest needs of the consumers e.g. AC systems were introduced to compete with DC systems and internal combustion engines were introduced to c ompete with steam engines. Utterback Abernathy (1978) observed that in the initial stages when the product is being launched by the new organization, that organization is usually of small structure and the aim of such organization is to respond in a fast paced manner to the demands of the customers. However, when the firms get to the stage of maturity, they focus on the improvement of the process along with that of the product. They then involve the employment of latest technology and produce a dominant product e.g. AC systems came up as a dominant product compared to DC systems and internal combustion engines came up as dominant products as compared to steam engines. This transition from product innovation to innovation in process along with the product causes most of the organizations to change their structures so that new capabilities can be acquired by them. Talha (2005) described functional structure of the  organization as the one which involves the people being grouped together in a tight group to pe rform same activities or utilize same technologies and in the same department. This is therefore usually the structure of smaller organizations. This structure has its own weaknesses and strengths. Jones (2007) observed that functional structure represents that design of the organizational structure whereby the people involved possess common expertise, skills and resources. The aim of organizations structured in this manner is to enhance their effectiveness so that their goals can be achieved by them. Jones (2007) said that the main advantage of this type of structure is that people work closely together so they work in a team like manner and have the opportunity to learn from each other. They tend to be more specialized over time as well as productive. Since they possess same expertise and skills therefore they can also supervise each other conveniently. This enhances the effectiveness of the organization. Brews (2004) observed that functional structures first started to appear in 20th century when the industrial age started to emerge. The main concern for the management in that age was the efficiency of the organizations. The functional structure involved few managers which were at top while at bottom there were people. These people were organized as per the activity they used to perform. Authority was descended onto from top to bottom. However, despite the advantages enunciated above, there were also problems related to the functional structure. These were mostly two fold i.e. they involved communication and control problems. With the growth of the organizations and with the growth in its units and people, it became difficult to communicate since people and units became distant from each other in the same organization and it became difficult to measure the capability of the groups with few managers. It also gave rise to location problem i.e. it became difficult to locate every unit at one place while on the other hand if they were located at different locations it again gave rise to communication problems. (Jones, 2007) The control problem related to the management of wider number of people and units within the organization. It became difficult to control a large number of people possessing different skills as per the needs of the organization by same little number of managers. It also became difficult to gauge the problems and demands of the customers as the organizations grew as managers were busy in finding ways to coordinate with  widespread units/people while having little time to pay heed to customer queries, etc. Therefore, as organizations grew they started to get divided in various divisions with each division having its own management system. Each division then could have its own functional management system. This is what is referred to as multidivisional structure. (Jones, 2007) Such multidivisional structures arose due to different types of people working in the same organization, having had the need to establish different units in the organization to meet customer demand s and develop innovative products, increased integration and increased vertical differentiation. In such instances organizations usually gave effect to multi divisional structure to meet the management needs of the organization. The focus of the multi divisional structure is to create small divisions within the organization with each division having its own management. Robbins (2009) observed that in multi divisional structures, each unit of the organization usually has its own management which is structured on a functional pattern. He believed that multidivisional structure is viable for those organizations whereby the same product requires different parts to be assembled to form one product and that such product is sold in various markets. Jones (2007) said that at the heart of the multi divisional structure is the corporate headquarter which is entrusted with overseeing the managers of each division of the organization. A number of Fortune 500 companies e.g. Nestle, General Motors, Pepsi Co and Coca Cola have multi divisional structures. Dessler (2004) observed that the main feature of the multi divisional structure is that the organization is â€Å"departmentalized†. He said when an organization grows successfully and a number of other brands also comes under its auspices e.g. as there are a number of brands acquired by Coca Cola over time, then it has to maintain different units for different purposes. For example, the unit entrusted with the responsibility to find marketing channels in USA may lack the competency to find marketing channels in Europe or China in which instance it would be a separate unit having such responsibilities. Each region would thus have its own unit but of the same organization and each unit may have its own management structure as well. Ireland (et al. 2011) observed that functional structure is relevant and appropriate for smaller organizations and for those organizations which have just begun their operations. They gave example of Wal-Mart Stores Inc. that the store started  off with functional structure in the beginning and progressed further. Moreover, Ireland (et al. 2011) also argued that one cannot apply the same structure to each organization. It is the circumstances of each company and organization which dictate the need for the relevant structure. Thus, organizational structure represents the fashion in which organization organizes itself from top to bottom. It may be functional in the starting when the organization has just begun its operation while it may be multidivisional when the organization is huge in terms of its operations, products and services such as Fortune 500 companies. Bibliography Adner Levinthal (2001): Demand heterogeneity and technology evolution: implications for product and process innovation. Management Science 47: 611-628. Brews (2004): Exploring the Structural Effects of Internetworking. Strategic Management Journal, 25(5), 429–452 Dessler (2004): Management: Principles and Practices for Tomorrow’s Leaders. USA: Pearson Education Gort Klepper (1982): â€Å"Time Paths in the Diffusion of Product Innovations,† Economic Journal 92(3) (1982), 630-653 Ireland (et al. 2011): The Management of Strategy Concepts and Cases. USACANADA: South-Western Jones (2007): Organizational theory, design, and change (6th Ed) Prentice Hall Oster (1994): Modern Competitive Analysis. Oxford University Press: New York. Porter (1980): Competitive Advantage. Free Press: New York. Talha (2005): Organizational structure. Massachusetts, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Tushman Anderson (1986): Technological discontinuities and dominant designs: a cyclical model of technological change. Administrative Science Quarterly 35: 604-633 Utterback Abernathy (1975): A dynamic model of process and product innovation. Omega 3:639-656. Utterback Suarez (1993): Innovation, competition, and industry structure. Research Policy 22:1-21

The Iraqi Candidate :: Iraq Politics Political Essays

The Iraqi Candidate "To prefer evil to good is not in human nature; and when a man is compelled to choose one of two evils, no one will choose the greater when he may have the less." ~ Socrates It's the day of the 2004 presidential election. People swarm into public school gymnasiums, fill the voting booths, and escape a while later into the crisp autumn air. The trees have turned and the streets are covered in reddish-brown debris and yet, America is tense today. Today, the day when many people find out whether all of their efforts have been in vain. Today is the day when the future of America is decided. Today is not just any day; it has the power to change Tomorrow. With so much riding on the 2004 election it is not surprising to find that presidential campaigns have gone to a whole new level. People are using media that has never been used before to express their opinions about the election. The Michael Moore movie Fahrenheit 9/11 about the September 11th attack and the war that followed was a big step in using popular media to present political issues. That film was intended to swing votes away from President Bush by examining closely many of the mistakes he made during his presidency. Fahrenheit 9/11 is the first example of a movie trying to have a direct impact on an election. It is a documentary which was made to articulate Michael Moore's feelings on certain political issues for the general public. Because it is an independent film it is not so surprising that it is also biased. Unfortunately political propaganda has invaded mainstream movies as well, where people are not prepared for it and the messages are more subtle and difficult to discern. I was shocked and appalled to see a mainstream movie filled with political messages where there didn't need to be any. After watching the 2004 remake of The Manchurian Candidate the only question that I am left with is whether the movie was meant to reflect the way Americans feel about terrorism or instill in us a fear of terrorism which would cause the election results to lean favorably towards George W.

Steps of the New Induction Program

SWelcomes the new comer to the organization. 2. Explain the overall objectives of the company and the department. 3. Explain the employees’ role in achieving the objectives. 4. Show the location or place of work. 5. Handover the rules and job descriptions. 6. Give detail the training opportunities and promotional advancement. 7. Discuss the working conditions. 8. Furnish all details regarding salary and benefits. 9. Guide the employees through a tour of entire of the organization. 10.The induction program usually done either by formal induction program and or by informal induction program. Some large organizations follow the formal induction program, which carefully planned induction-orientation training program helps a new employee to quickly adjust to the new surroundings, assimilate the new culture, and Reduce Insecurity, Reduced Anxiety, Reduced Cultural Shock, and Reduced Exploitation. In some medium and small organizations informal induction program is carried out either by Supervisor system and or Buddy or Sponsor system.Elements of good Induction Programme A good induction programme has three main elements which is described below: 1. Introductory Information: Introductory information regarding the history of the company and company’s products, its organizational structure, policies, rules and regulations etc. should be given informally or in group session in the personnel department. It will help the candidates to understand the company and the organizational policies and standards well. 2.On the Job Information: Further information should be given to the new employee by the department supervisor in the department concerned where he is placed on the job about departmental facilities and requirements such as nature of the job, the extent of his liability and the employee activities such as recreational facilities, safety measures, job routine etc. 3. Follow up Interviews: A follow up interview should be arranged several weeks after the emp loyee has been on the job by the supervisor or a representative of the personnel department to answer the problems that are a new employee may have on the job. . 7 EMPLOYEE SEPARATION Employees separate from the campus in a variety of ways. Some separations are voluntary and initiated by the employee, such as resignation or retirement. Others are involuntary and initiated by management, such as lay off or medical separation. The death of an employee or dismissal for cause creates unique challenges. Each type of separation requires specific, different actions by you, though some processes are common to all. Your common sense and good judgment will serve you well in response to the special circumstances that arise with each employee’s separation.Whatever the circumstances, every employee leaving the campus, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, should feel they were treated with respect. Keep this goal in mind as you review the guidelines for different types of separations in t his chapter. ? Death of an Employee ? Dismissal ? Exit Interviews ? Job Abandonment ? Lay off ? Medical Separation ? Resignation ? Retirement Training benefits There are numerous reasons for supervisors to conduct training among employees. These reasons include: ? Increased job satisfaction and morale among employees. Increased employee motivation. ? Increased efficiencies in processes, resulting in financial gain. ? Increased capacity to adopt new technologies and methods. ? Increased innovation in strategies and products. ? Reduced employee turnover. ? Enhanced company image, e. g. , conducting ethics training (not a good reason for ethics raining! ). Reasons for emphasizing the growth and development of personnel include: ? Creating a pool of readily available and adequate replacements for personnel who may leave or move up in the organization. Enhancing the company’s ability to adopt and use advances in technology because of a sufficiently knowledgeable staff. ? Building a more efficient, effective and highly motivated team, which enhances the company’s competitive position and improves employee morale. ? Ensuring adequate human resources for expansion into new programs. Research has shown specific benefits that a small business receives from training and developing its workers, including: ? Increased productivity. ? Reduced employee turnover. ? Increased efficiency resulting in financial gains. Decreased need for supervision.EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES: AN INDIAN 1. 7 PERSPECTIVE Kautilya’s Period: Kautilya provides a systematic treatment of management of human resources as early as in the 4th Century B. C. in his treatise titled ‘Arthashastra’. ? There prevailed logical procedures and principles in respect of labour organizations such as ‘Shreni’ or Guild system and the cooperative sector. ? The wages were paid strictly in terms of quantity and quality of work turned out, and punishments were imposed for unnecessary delaying the work or spoiling it. Kautilya provides an excellent discussion on staffing and personnel management embracing job descriptions, qualifications for job, selection procedure, and executive development, incentive systems (Carrot and Stick approach). Varnasharm: There are several indications regarding the operations of principles of the divisions of labour. The concept of Varnashram or caste system was originally based on these principles: ? The individuals, who used to earn their livelihood by engaging themselves in activities such as teaching, sacrifice or state management, were designed as Brahmins. Individuals engaged in the areas of trade, business and agriculture were called ‘Vaishyas’ and those devoting themselves to manual work were known as ‘Shudras’. Later on, these professions emerged to be heredity which facilitated the transfer of skills and training from one generation to another. The Medieval: (As regard to In dian Economy in Medieval India): Although there were a lull because of numerous foreign aggressions for around 700 years, during the Mughal Rule, the Indian trade and commerce were reviewed.Several ‘Karkhanas’ were established at Agra, Delhi, Lahore, Ahmedabad and various other places. ? A majority of the artisans and the craftsmen had extremely poor conditions of existences and lived on starvation level. ? The productivity of workers was very low, low wages, climatic conditions and poor physique were the major factors responsible for it. British Period: There prevailed laissez-faire policy towards business. ? As it is evidenced in the report of the Indigo Commission, the working conditions were appalling, living conditions were subhuman, and several abuses prevailed in Indigo plantations.Again, as regards tea plantation, several cases of inhuman cruelties caused to the workers are encountered. ? Even the Plantation Act of 1863 makes provisions that if the workers faile d to complete their period of contract, they should be imprisoned for a period not exceeding three months. ? The labourers who attempted to run away were subjected to imprisonment whipping and allied extreme punishments. ? Accordingly, the workers were entirely helpless in the face of organized and powerful European Planters. The above conditions prevailed till the enactment of the Factory Act of 1881.According to the Act; the workers employed in the factories were allowed a weekly off day, and provisions were also made for inspection as well as limiting the hours of work for women workers to 11 per day. The Act further provided that the minimum age of children for employment should be seven years and that the maximum working hours for them should not exceed seven hours a day and that too in the day shift. In 1890, the first labour organization designated as ‘Bombay Mill Hands Association’ was established.Subsequently, in 1905, the Printers Union at Calcutta and in 1907 , the Postal Union at Bombay were established. The Madras Labour Union was organized thereafter in 1918. In 1920, the indentured labour system involving migration of Indian labour to other countries on contract basis, was abolished as a result of a strong national movement. In the same year, the Central Labour Board was established to federate the different unions in the Bombay city and the All India Trade Union Congress was organized.In 1923, for the first time in the organized sector, Tata Steel appointed K. A. Naoroji as a labour or welfare officer to look after labour issues in the various departments of the steel work. The formal implementation of the Indian Trade Union Act, 1926 forms a landmark in the history of industrial relations in this country. The Royal Commission on Labour (1929–1931) recommended the appointment of labour officers or liaison officers to deal with recruitment as measures to prevent corrupt practices in Indian industry.They were considered a recru itment officers directly reporting to general manager. As the commission observed, ‘No employee should be engaged except by the labour officer personally in consultation with the departmental head, and none should be dismissed without his consent except by the manager after hearing what the labour officer had to say’ accordingly, the Bombay Mill Owners Association and the Indian Jute Mills Association appointed labour officers in 1935 and 1938, respectively.During World War II, the need for mobilizing labour support was felt and thus, several welfare officers were appointed to deal with working conditions, canteen, ration shops, recreations, medical facilities, worker’s housing and allied fringe benefits. Post-Independence Period: With the emergence of compulsory adjudication under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, the welfare officers were made responsible for handling the disputes and adjudication pertaining to the conditions of services including wages, leave s, retirement benefits and bonus.Thus, they became industrial relations officers and started performing industrial relations functions such as collective bargaining, conciliation, and adjudication. Employment Exchange (Compulsory notification of vacancies) Act, 1959 and the Apprentices Act, 1961 were passed to regulate recruitment and training of workers, respectively. In the view of growing labour legislation commencing with the right to hire and ending with right to fire, the employees tended to employ welfare or labour officers with a legal background. 21st session of standing Labour conference held in Dec. 963 recommended that the functions of welfare officer and personnel officers should be precisely demarcated and that the former should not be responsible for dealing with disciplinary cases against workers or appears in court on behalf of the management against the workers in labour dispute cases. Personnel Management during 1970s: In the early seventies, as Punekar observes, the personnel field covered under three major areas of professional disciplines: (1) Labour welfare, (2) Industrial relations, and (3) Personnel administration.These three areas revealed the chronological order of the development of the personnel field. Immediately after industrialization, labour welfare, mainly social reformist in nature, came into the picture. The inevitable emergence of trade unions resistance organizations to employers opened the field of industrial (or Union-Management) relations. Lastly, with the development of scientific management of industry, personnel administration took root.The three areas of labour welfare, industrial relations and personnel administration were being looked after the three professional functionaries: (1) Welfare officer, (2) Labour officer, and (3) Personnel officer. However, in the early 80s, the area of labour officer largely merged with personnel administration and refers to as personnel management. Personnel Management during 1980s: In 1980s HRM was regarded as a specialized rofession such as that of other professional functions. In addition to industrial relations functions (although sometimes the industrial relations formed a separate branch), the personnel branch was responsible for varied functions i. e. , employment, safety training, wages and salary administration and research and development. Indeed, the activities involved in the personnel department were akin to those performed in this department in other western countries.Specially, where the personnel, industrial relations and welfare functions were combined in one department, three categories of activities relating to these functions were obtained. The personnel department involves in technical and allied services. Thus, industrial relation activities including contract negotiations, grievance handling, preparation and presentation of arbitration cases and research in labour problems; for educational activities including employee training, supervis ory training, organizational planning and management development, communication programs etc. for wage and salary administration, including preparation of job descriptions, job evaluations, incentive and profits sharing systems and executive compensation; for employment activities, such as recruiting, psychological testing, medical examination, interviewing, and employee record keeping; and technical services: health and welfare measures. The personnel manager’s role is to advice. Usually, advise the line and top management in respect of legal matters regarding the termination of services and transfer, human relations problems confronting the line managers and technical procedures in areas, such as wages and salary administration.In some instances, the personnel manager was required to advise management regarding the improvement of human climate in the organization. Human Resource Management during 1990s: During 1990s a new human resources management has emerged, especially a s a result of the globalization and liberalization. The economy and the policy of India is fast changing in the wake of liberalization policies mooted in year 1990. Consequently the form and content of capitalist relations between the various factors of production are undergoing a change.What has emerged a new era of HR Management? As a result of liberalization and globalization the human resources management and industrial relations have acquired strategic importance. The success of the new policies mostly depends on to a large extent, on the introduction of new industrial relations and human resources policies at the national and the organizational levels. The pressure of change is already visible in the economy and witnessed in the industrial relations and HRM areas.The world economic order is also changing rapidly. Evolutionary changes are taking place at revolutionary pace, largely influenced by the external forces, arising out of a desire to increase competitiveness and effici ency. Centrally planned economics are opening up to have their tryst with counterpart of free market economy. Structural adjustments and reforms are holding sway establishing primary of economic imperatives over dogmatic political compulsions.Organization today working in a commercially competitive global economic environment are struggling for their own survival and growth. The liberalizations and bold economic reforms by Government have thrown out many challenges and opportunities to the Indian industry. With explosion of the Information and communication technology, increased global competition, fast changing market conditions, the deregulations etc. organizations have to redesign their strategies and outlook to HRM.

Movie Review: Singin’ in the Rain

Movies such as Chicago, Moulin Rouge, and Singin’ in the Rain are part of a file genre that places emphasis on music, dance, and song.   This genre is known as the Musical.   The power of the songs in Musicals explains why many people who have not seen the movie are still familiar with its title song â€Å"Singin’ in the Rain.†Ã‚   Aside from the memorable scores and lyrics, Musicals showcase the singing and dancing skills of their stars.   The critical and commercial success or failure of a Musical hinges not only on the storyline, as is the case with films of other genres, but the talents of the actors who bring the movie’s songs and dances to life. Singin’ in the Rain contains a number of elements that make it stand out from other American Musicals such as Chicago and Moulin Rouge.   The atmosphere of Singin’ in the Rain is light and happy which is accomplished by the character’s brightly colored clothing and the inclusion of relatively few night scenes.   This is not the case in either Chicago or Moulin Rouge, both of which have darker elements within them.   Because the theme of Singin’ in the Rain is more playful than the serious theme depicted in Chicago, there is a greater degree of entertainment in Singin’ in the Rain.   This movie was designed to be viewed by an audience seeking pure entertainment—an audience that need only sit back, relax, and enjoy the film from beginning to end. Many modern musical productions are far more costly than was Singin’ in the Rain; however, even with the discrepancy in production costs, several clever and memorable musical numbers from Singin’ in the Rain remain popular today. Because scripting and storyline are superseded in Musicals by choreography and score, the scenes most often remembered in a Musical are specific numbers contained within the film.   One of my favorites from Singin’ in the Rain is Cosmo Brown’s (Donald O’Connor) performance of â€Å"Make ‘em Laugh.†Ã‚   The song’s lyrics and the number itself reveal that Cosmo is Don Lockwood’s (Gene Kelly) sidekick.   It’s clear that Cosmo’s job is to keep Lockwood laughing and to prevent him from concern over anything bad. Cosmo’s enthusiastic performance in this number is easily the most comedic of the film.   Singin’ in the Rain is filled with mise-en-scà ¨nes, and Cosmo’s â€Å"Make ‘em Laugh† number uses mise-en-scà ¨ne to its fullest.   Every bit of setting, including the props and the people in this number are used by Cosmo as show instruments. Given the movie’s title, it isn’t surprising that the most famous number is Gene Kelly’s (as Don Lockwood) performance of the song â€Å"Singin’ in the Rain.†Ã‚   Narrative Convention dictates that rain signify sorrow or loneliness much as tense music in a horror movie signifies danger; however, the gloom one might expect to infiltrate Kelly’s performance simply does not do so.   Instead, this beautifully choreographed athletic dance and song number stands as Lockwood’s proclamation that he has succeeded in his career and in his heart.   Each step Gene Kelly performs is deliberate—each movement designed to thrill the audience the way Kelly’s Lockwood is himself thrilled by his fantastic fortune. The use of mise-en-scà ¨ne in the number â€Å"Singin’ in the Rain† does not detract from Kelly’s performance: it augments it.   His wearing a felt hat allows his facial features to be seen without the rain’s moisture obscuring his emotions.   The umbrella he carries adds a gentleman-like quality to his movements.   The street on which he dances remains basically deserted and is perfectly illuminated by the well-placed snug lights.   Personally, I think it is the most enjoyable rainy scene I have ever viewed in a movie. My only critical comments are centered on a portion of the film’s latter half during which time Lockwood, Cosmo, and R. F. Simpson (Millard Mitchell) are planning to make the musical film Dancing Cavalier.   This is followed by the surreal performance â€Å"Broadway Melody† which I found unnecessary.   The woman in this scene seemed to have come from nowhere, did not have a clearly defined relationship with Lockwood or Kathy Selden (Debbie Reynolds), but the odd emotion that was present in the number might be representative of American ideals. Singin’ in the Rain falls within the expected boundaries of the Musical.   The ending is predictable (but not unsatisfyingly so) and relatively little tension exists: the lovers meet serendipitously, and there is really no threat to their relationship. Singin’ in the Rain is from the 1950’s, and because of this, some younger people might not find the movie’s content satisfying; however, anyone, regardless of age, who can appreciate the outstanding singing and dancing performances of the movie’s characters will come away from the film satisfied.   In addition, part of this film’s content reveals the early development of movies from the silent era forward, and much of this is not only interesting but humorous as well. I admit to having been initially skeptical about enjoying this movie due to its age, but I found myself entertained throughout the entire film, and honestly, I can say that Singin’ in the Rain is the best Musical I have ever seen. Reference Freed, A.   (Producer), & Donen, S. & Kelly G. (Directors).   (1952).   Singin’ in the rain.   [Motion picture].   United States: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.   

Compare and Contrast the Attitudes and Values of the Two Essays

Compare and Contrast the Attitudes and Values of the Two Essays Compare and Contrast the Attitudes and Values of the Two Essay Compare and Contrast the Attitudes and Values of the Two Essay The former does this by a ale narrator writing a poem to a female, using Imagery to entice her. The latter by using a duke, explaining the story of what happened to his previous wife whilst looking at her picture. Both the poems use imagery and other poetic devices but in different ways. The first uses them more often to impress her. The second uses them in a different sense as the better part of the poem is the description of his previous wife and how she died. Also they differ in their use of tone, language, style and devices. The poem His Coy is an argument and therefore structured like one. The poem has three stanzas; the first and second are premises, whilst the last Is used as a conclusion. This forms a logical argument; 1. ? we 2. 3. As the motive of the poem Is to convince his mistress to have sex with him the quotation shows this as It Is modeled as a persuasive argument. What this tells us about the narrator Is that he will do anything to get what he wants even If the other person In the time it was written it was a crime in society for a woman to have sex before she gets married, in the poem she is not as only his mistress. He is insensitive and selfish as he respect her values, it loud only be for his pleasure. In comparison Last is a dramatic monologue whilst using enjambment, Far hands/Worked busily a and is written in iambic pentameter. In the poem most of the lines do not end with any type of punctuation, enjambment. The poem being a dramatic monologue adds to the eccentric behavior, also this makes him seem like he was dominant over his previous wife which is his view on woman, that they are below him. In Dalton as he uses the enjambment this exaggerates the tone he uses. This makes him seem angry at her, which Is why he ended up taking her life. However at the end there Is more punctuation which suggests Tanat en NAS remnant mess T Tanat en NAS a violators Ana Decodes calmer. As the poem is written in rhymed iambic pentameter, it maintains an even beat throughout the poem. Iambic pentameter has been said to be the most natural cadence of the English language. It consists of an iamb, which is two syllables: an unstressed followed by a stressed. An example of an iamb might be the words a heart, drawn from the lines: A heart-how shall I say? O soon made This shows that the duke sounds calm, using a standard English rhythm of speech. However this contrasts with the enjambment which makes his actions seem normal. Through the structure of the poems it shows that the two narrators attitudes are similar because they think that they have power over women, they are above them. However it also shows they are unlike as in the former poem he is being selfish and what he wants is only for his pleasure, whilst the latter narrator show this quality. In the first poem the speaker uses imagery, alliteration and different statements to try to impress and flatter his lover. It starts off with a hyperbolic statement to make an impact, we but world enough, and imagery constantly throughout, of vast eternity?C,-1?0 and alliteration This shows a sensitive side of the speaker, he uses these poetic devices to make a greater meaning and give the poem more feeling. Also some of the imagery he uses greatly appeals to the readers senses, this makes him seem very persuasive and sly as he purposefully chose these words to do what it does. The alliteration contributes to the euphony of the passage lending it a musical and more poetic air. This shows he knows how to write a love poem and he again he has all the right techniques for persuading a person. The second poem goes also use imagery, however in a different way and for a different purpose. The narrator is describing the duchess to the emissary my last duchess painted on the This shows he is only describing the painting but as he is using the imagery he describes what she was like and how she made him angry. However as he describes her it makes her seem like she is Just an object, which she was to him. This is his view of woman, that they belong to a man which was very common belief at that time. From the poetic devices used their attitudes are different because in the first he shows his sensitive side and tries to put a bit of nuance into it. However the imagery in the second goes against him as he believes that she was his object and belonged to him. In both poems there is the recurrent theme of irony. In His Coy Mistress?C,-1?0 the entire first section is ironic in the sense that the speaker knows he being genuine. The speaker uses words to his advantage and we can take little of what he says to be truthful. In Line 1, we but world enough, and The first section of the poem is a series of hyperbolic statements meant to impress and flatter the reader but the first word sets this section in the subjective tense. Essentially he is saying if they were to live forever he would promise her all of these things. However of course they live forever and the speaker knows this before he starts the flattery. Line 19, lady, you deserve this Part of the speaker irony here is the knowledge is that although the lady might deserve it, she is immortal so she cannot have it. All of his extravagant assertions throughout this section are put in perspective because they are only based on fantasy. What this tells us tout ten narrator Is Tanat en wall say anything, even IT It Is contracted Day enamels, just to get this woman to sleep with him. This shows he is very persuasive but sin? at all genuine. In comparison in Last Duchess?C,-1?0 verbal irony is demonstrated when the Duke says to the emissary, had you skill, In speech (which I have The Duke is not a modest man but this makes him seem slightly humble in the middle of his domineering speech, this establishes situational irony. This shows how the Duke needs control and complete power and he causes a weariness to overcome the reader through irony. From the irony used in the poems, they are different because in the first its shows that he is to genuine and that he only says these things to get his mistress to sleep with him. Only says these words to get what he wants and for his pleasure. Then in the second it shows the need of complete control over her and his dominance. His Coy Mistress?C,-1?0 is a poem in which the speaker tries to convince the listener to go to bed with him, as such we might expect the tone to be coarse, lusty or even insincere as the presumption is that the speaker will say anything to argue his case. Ther e is a light hearted tone to the poem, which suffers when the concept of death is brought up. The overall tone is more melancholy than what would have been expected. The speaker says, hundred to adore each As throughout the entire first section of the poem, here the speaker flatters his lover to the point of exaggeration. This makes the tone in this section insincere and indecent. The poet speaks about death using the words, ? and What he says here alters the tone initiated in the first section through imagery associated with decomposition. These words institutes the realism of death. The tone here is sincere and melancholic and its effect lasting. Then the speaker increases the tempo and uses words like, and This is in the final section of the poem. These words give emphasis to the tone but they have been affected by the pensive mood which was set before. In comparison in Last Duchess?C,-1?0 the duke makes the poem about him by using words like, this makes the tone of the poem arrogant and possessive. However the sentence structure the Duke has used creates a conversational tone. It is the tone in which the duke speaks of his previous wife which displays the disturbing psychology behind his actions. From the tone the two poems differ. The former attitude is insincere at the beginning but then becomes nine yet melancholy. Whilst the latter is arrogant and possessive. In conclusion the poets attitude in His Coy Mistress?C,-1?0 is that he is a selfish man, who is only writing this for his pleasure. He is being romantic in the first section by complimenting her a lot and saying she is worth everything. But then he says she have it which makes him insincere and not genuine at all. He is also slightly melancholic towards the end. The aim of the poem was to persuade his mistress to sleep with him. I think he has done this rather well because he uses very rueful persuasive techniques and has used ways of appealing to the listener. The poets attitude in Last Duchess?C,-1?0 is that he thinks he has power over women and they are beneath him. He saw his last wife as an object which he was in possession of which bring with that a need of control over her. He is also moldering Ana arrogant. I en alma AT tans poem Is to explain ten plectrum AT Nils last duchess and what happened to her. He has done this, as it is only describing. However Browning shows us the traits of the Duke without ever mentioning them explicitly.

Defensive versus Offensive Realism Research Paper

Defensive versus Offensive Realism - Research Paper Example The main differences between offensive and defensive realism are based on variations on how they see power and how much power is enough. Defensive realism sees power as a means of attaining stability or security, while offensive realism sees power as both means and ends for political stability. Defensive realism says that states only engage in war to defend the security and stability of their power, while offensive realism asserts that states want more power per se because a state ultimately desires to be the hegemon in the system. Furthermore, offensive realism advocates offensive strategies, instead of restraint that defensive realism recommends, because only the strongest state can be secure. In addition, defensive realism asserts that, though the international system offers incentives for increasing power, strong nations should not pursue hegemony. Instead, Kenneth Waltz stressed that states should only strive for an â€Å"appropriate amount of power.† States can also do b alancing of power to preserve security, such as increasing military resources in reaction to another state that does the same. Despite balancing actions, defensive realism insists that states should only desire sufficient power for its security and stability. Offensive realism argues that balancing power is not efficient in gaining or preserving power; states should start or engage in wars to balance power proactively. John Mearsheimer further asserted that states could aspire for regional hegemony and not global hegemony.

If time travel were possible, to what time period and place in history Essay

If time travel were possible, to what time period and place in history would you return to live Give reasons for your decision to live in this period and locat - Essay Example It is during this time that one of the world's greatest writers originated, William Shakespeare. It was not only an era of romance but also one of reality. The poor of the country were treated well and their well being was thought of. Even though peace was not absolute but it was general. When Queen Elizabeth inherited the throne, the country was bankrupt. It was her policies that restored some of the huge debts that the country was under and increased prosperity. In terms of economic development, the first stock exchange was developed during this period by Sir Thomas Gresham. Before this period, witches were prosecuted and torture was common for all types of crimes. Once Elizabeth came to power, such events became rare, although they did take place but not on such a scale to be noticed. There was much research in science and technology. Most of these achievements were in the field of navigation. There were many small and insignificant inventions as well. Bottled beer, one of the things we take for granted was invented during this era in 1568. Among other things were the flush toilet, knitting machine, telescope, pencil and pocket watch. The first time the English tried to settle in North America was during this era. Women were brought up to believe that they were inferior to men and that their job was to obey the men in their household.